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1.
MECHANICAL DIGESTION – tearing and grinding of teeth on food, as well as churning of food by muscles that line the walls of the digestive tract (makes food smaller)
2. CHEMICAL DIGESTION – breaks down the chemical bonds in nutrients so they can be absorbed into the bloodstream
3. PERISTALSIS – wavelike motion that moves food down through the digestive tract
4. SPHINCTERS – rings of thickened muscles that allow the passage of food from one area of the digestive tract to another area
5. MUCUS – slippery secretion that coats the inner walls of the digestive tract
6. BOLUS – food turns into this moist ball when it is chewed and mixed with saliva
7. SALIVARY AMYLASE – a digestive enzyme that changes starch to simple sugar in the mouth
8. PEPSIN – a digestive enzyme that acts on protein in the stomach
9. CHYME – the stomach contents eventually turn into this thick, uniform liquid
10. CELLULAR RESPIRATION – process by which nutrients are broken down in the presence of oxygen to release energy
11. ABSORPTION – the process by which nutrients pass through the cells that line the digestive tract
12. VILLI – fingerlike projections in the walls of the small intestine to aid in absorption
13. VENTILATION – breathing; process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs
14. DIAPHRAGM – a broad, thin muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen
15. VITAL CAPACITY – amount of air that a person can forcibly exhale after breathing in as much as possible
16. RESIDUAL VOLUME – the air that remains in the lungs even after exhaling as much as possilbe
17. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY – the sum of the vital capacity and residual volume
18. AEROBIC RESPIRATION – respiration in cells in the presence of oxygen
19. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION – respiration in cells when there is not enough oxygen available to complete the aerobic phase of cellular respiration
20. CALORIE – amount of heat energy required to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
21. ENERGY – ability to do work, energy is being used when something is happening
22. ATRIA – top chambers of the heart
23. VENTRICLES – bottom chambers of the heart
24. AORTA – the major artery of the body
25. ARTERY – blood vessel that moves blood away from the heart
26. VEIN – blood vessel that moves blood toward the heart
27. PULSE – rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery
28. BLOOD PRESSURE – the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries
29. CARTILAGE – slippery tissue found at the ends of bones at joints; reduces friction
30. JOINTS – where bones meet
31. NERVES – carry impulses that stimulate muscles to contract
32. TENDONS – connect muscles to bones
33. LIGAMENTS – connect bones to bones at joints
34. PLANE JOINT – found where bones are flat; allow slipping or gliding movements; small bones in the wrist and ankles are examples
35. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – found at shoulders and hips; allows movement in all directions
36. HINGE JOINT – moves back and forth like a door; elbow is a hinge joint
37. PIVOT JOINT – allow limited rotation of one bone against another, like where the neck joins the head and where the radius and ulna meet just below the elbow
38. SADDLE JOINT – occur where the thumb meets the palm; each bone has both convex and concave surfaces that join, like a person sitting on a saddle
39. SMOOTH MUSCLE – line the digestive tract and are responsible for peristalsis; involuntary muscles
40. CARDIAC MUSCLE – heart muscle; involuntary muscle
41. SKELETAL MUSCLE – voluntary, except through a reflex action; responsible for moving your body around
42. EARTH CENTERED – the perspective that the earth is the center of the solar system
43. SUN -CENTERED – the perspective that the sun is the center of the solar system
44. GALAXY – large system of dust, gas, stars, and other bodies that has a particular shape
45. ASTRONOMICAL UNIT – a unit of measure equal to the average distance between earth and sun, about 150 million kilometers (about 93 million miles)
46. ROTATION – the movement of an object as it spins around a central axis
47. REVOLUTION – the movement of an object around a central object (the earth revolves around the sun in 365 days)
48. AXIS – an imaginary line that runs through the middle of an object (from pole to pole) around which that object rotates
49. SOLAR NOON – time of day when the sun reaches its highest point
50. HORIZON – the plane that extends from one’s eye to the edge of Earth
51. DEGREE – unit for measuring angles and arcs; one degree equals 1/360 of a circle
52. ECLIPTIC – path of the sun, planets, and moon in the sky as seen from earth; the plane along which these orbit
53. PHASES – any of 8 various stages in which the Moon appears to change its shape
54. SIDEREAL MONTH – time it takes the moon to orbit earth one complete revolution (about 27.3 days)
55. SYNODIC MONTH – time it takes between successive repetitions of the same lunar phase (example: the time from one new moon to the next new moon); about 29.5 days long
56. WAXING – the illuminated portion of the moon is continually growing
57. WANING – the illuminated portion of the moon is shrinking
58. UMBRA – the inner, darker part of a shadow
59. PENUMBRA – the lighter, outer part of a shadow cone
60. LUNAR ECLIPSE – the blocking of sunlight to the Moon; occurs during a full moon, when Earth’s shadow lands on the moon
61. SOLAR ECLIPSE – the blocking of the Sun’s light that occurs during a new moon when the moon’s shadow falls on earth
62. SYGZY – for a solar or lunar eclipse to occur, the sun, earth, and moon must be in sygzy (in a straight line)
63. SOLAR ENERGY – energy from the sun
64. RADIATION – process by which energy is transferred from one object (Sun) to another (planet) without the space between them being heated
65. SUNSPOT – relatively darker, cooler area on the Sun’s surface that emits charged particles
66. SOLAR FLARE – a sudden brightness near a sunspot; explosion of gas from the Sun’s surface
67. TERRESTRIAL PLANETS – the name given to the 4 inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars); terrestrial means having to do with solid rock
68. GASEOUS PLANETS – the name given to the 4 outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune); planets that are composed of compounds that under normal Earth conditions would be gases
69. ASTEROIDS – small, rocky solar system object that orbits independently around the sun in the asteroid belt
70. CRATERS – bowl-shaped pit on a planet, moon, or asteroid formed by the impact of an object or by volcanoes
71. IMPACT CRATERS – caused by asteroids, comets, or meteoroids striking the surface of planets, moons, or asteroids
72. VOLCANIC CRATERS – caused when a material from within the volcano blasted a hole in the top of its summit
73. WEATHERING – all the processes that cause rocks to fragment, crack, crumble, or decay
74. EROSION – process by which the earth is broken down and moved from place to place by wind and water
75. LANDSLIDES – occur when masses of rock or debris move down a slope
76. REGOLITH – loose material that makes up the surface of a planet or moon
77. HUMUS – the organic remains of decomposed vegetation
78. TECTONICS – the forces or conditions within a planet or moon that cause movements in the crust and/or compression of the crust
79. GRAVITY – a force of natural attraction between 2 objects; strength of the force is due to the mass and distance between the 2 objects
80. MASS – total amount of matter in an object; not dependent on gravitational pull
81. WEIGHT – a measure of the force of gravity on an object
82. ORBITAL VELOCITY – the speed at which a planet travels in its orbit
83. ORBITAL PERIOD – the time that it takes an object to orbit another object one complete time (also called period of revolution)
84. LAW OF INERTIA – states that a body in motion tends to travel in a straight line unless an outside force disturbs it
85. ACCELERATION – changing of the direction of motion
86. TIDES – periodic rising and falling of the surface level of an ocean resulting from the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun on the solid and liquid surfaces of Earth
87. COMET – mass of frozen gas, cosmic dust, ice crystals, and organic material whose orbit around the sun takes it outside of the solar system
88. NUCLEUS – main part of a comet
89. COMA – part of the comet that surrounds the nucleus
90. HEAD – the coma and the nucleus together
91. TAIL – gas and dust that stream away from the comet
92. METEOROID – a solid object moving between planets, different from asteroids and planets because it’s smaller
93. METEOR – meteoroid that burns up in Earth’s atmosphere
94. METEORITE – meteoroid that does not completely burn up in Earth’s atmosphere and strikes Earth
95. FOSSILS – the preserved remains or impressions of organisms or Earth’s geological past`